29 reported that the skin directly above highly vascular organs, such as the heart, liver, and kidneys, has a higher body surface temperature compared to other areas. 15, 18, 43 The medical application of IRT in neonates was first examined in the 1970s. 32 In addition, IRT has been used to analyze changes in body temperature due to exercise. IRT was first applied in medical research at Middlesex Hospital in London and the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases in Bath, both in the UK, from 1959 to 1961. 5, 8 However, IRT must be used in combination with a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved thermometer due to its low level of accuracy. 9, 13 For example, IRT has been used for fever screening in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As IRT has a wide field of view (FOV), it can simultaneously measure multiple objects, and is therefore useful for screening at airports. 30 Infrared thermography (IRT) is a similar method that can be used to determine the temperature of an object by measuring infrared emissions. The infrared thermometer is already used as a noninvasive means of measuring body temperature, not only in daily clinical practice but also for non-medical purposes at home. Therefore, there have been a number of clinical and laboratory trials to examine various noninvasive methods for measurement of body temperature. However, the insufficiently keratinized epidermal barrier of premature skin makes the attachment of sensors to the body difficult, resulting in inaccurate body temperature measurements. Moreover, as neonates require strict body temperature management, reliable and sustainable measurements are necessary using a thermistor probe. 42 Since the 1980s, predictive thermometers have commonly been used to measure temperature in newborn infants. The importance of controlling body temperature in clinical practice has been widely acknowledged since the mercury thermometer was first used for medical purposes in the late 18th century. 36 Newborn infants lose heat at a rate two to three times higher than adults, and without treatment, neonatal body temperature usually decreases by 0.1–0.3☌ per minute. 28, 38 Especially stringent body temperature management is required for premature infants, and it has been known since the 1960s that reducing heat loss in the first few days of life can improve the survival rate of premature infants. This study will facilitate the development of novel means of administering neonatal body temperature.īody temperature is an important health indicator in the formulation of a clinical management plan, and appropriate management of body temperature is required for maintenance of normal physiological functions and to facilitate prompt recovery after illness. It will also contribute to avoiding the risk of neonates' skin trouble caused by attaching a thermistor. This method provided high accuracy not only for measurements at specific times but also for continuous monitoring. Two of three IRTs had MAE < 0.1 ☌ under all conditions examined. This method improved the accuracy and reliability of IRT with an increase in percentage of data with mean absolute error (MAE) < 0.3 ☌ to 93.1% compared to 4.2% using the standard method. We have established a new calibration method for IRT in an incubator, and evaluated its accuracy and reliability at different incubator settings using a variable-temperature blackbody furnace. As the accuracy of body temperature measurement is especially critical in premature infants on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), noninvasive measurement using infrared thermography (IRT) has not been widely adopted in the NICU due to a lack of evidence regarding its accuracy.
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